- This article is about the ingame concept of countries and their associated mechanics. For a list of all countries in the game, see Countries.
A state, or a country, is an autonomous political structure comprising a community of people organized under some form of government, and is the main playable focus of Imperator: Rome. A state has a court of characters, including a 
ruler; typically has control over at least one territory and pop, except for 
Migrant Hordes; a government form and laws that define many of the most important aspects of the country; a primary 
culture and state 
that will affect the happiness of its pops; and various accumulated values such as 
gold, 
manpower, 
political influence, and 
stability that represent the resources available to the country and the current state of its well-being. Countries can interact with each other through diplomacy, trade, and 
war, and a state may be independent or be a 
subject of a stronger suzerain. The world is populated by hundreds of countries at the start of the game, from minor tribes and city states to the great empires of the east, many of which will likely soon disappear but some who may rise to form one of the great empires that the era was known for - including, perhaps, the player.
Government
- 主条目：Government
One of the main defining features of a country is its government type, which can be classified into one of three more general government forms - Republic, Monarchy or Tribal.
Different government types have different modifiers, bonuses, and National Idea slots, and it can be useful to switch to one that better synergizes with the current strategy and playstyle. Changing between government types is generally done by 
decision and the requirements can generally be seen at any time. These requirements may include a minimum stability level, certain laws (or not having certain laws), a minimum 
civilization value in the capital territory, a specific 
technology level, and more, and will almost always cost stability. Certain 
mission trees, such as the 
Carthaginian mission tree Aegis of Africa, may also allow for changing government type even when if the country does not meet the normal requirements.
The government form defines the method of succession, the available laws, and the makeup of the offices, which give political power and various bonuses according to the character's attributes and Loyalty. Each government form also has different mechanics that a player must deal with - Republics must seek the approval of the Senate for nearly every major action, Monarchies must watch their Legitimacy and deal with angry Pretenders, and Tribes must appease their Clan Chiefs and decide on the direction of Centralization. Government offices also provide political influence depending upon the holder's Loyalty. Changing the government form is usually harder than changing government type; reforming from a Tribal government to a Republic or Monarchy involves going through the Tribal Reform mission tree, changing from a Republic to a Monarchy requires high Tyranny and the declaration of a Dictatorship, and changing from a Monarchy to a Republic is not generally possible outside of a few special events or missions (such as the 
Syracusan mission tree Death to Tyrants).
Ruler
- 主条目：Ruler
Each state is headed by a ruler, prominently visible on the Show Government tab of the government panel, and their traits, attributes, and relationships have a significant effect on 
character loyalty, 
Senate support, and state modifiers from 
national commerce income to 
army morale recovery to File:Stability monthly change.png monthly stability change. Rulers with high attributes can be a considerable boon to their country, significantly strengthening the state and allowing the nation to punch well above its weight, while corrupt, low attribute rulers can inflict major penalties that a state must struggle through. A ruler may be supported by a co-ruler or consort, who contribute any of their four main attributes if they are higher than those of the ruler, but may also have effects on political influence generation and modifier for ruler 
popularity and 
corruption. Succession varies widely depending on the country's government form, ranging between dynastic inheritance in a monarchy, Senatorial election in republics, and rotation between Clan Chiefs in tribes, and the length of office may vary widely as well.
Culture
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Every country begins the game with a predefined primary culture, which can be seen at the top right corner of the 
National Overview screen. Outside of a few special events and decisions, such as startup events for 
本都的赫拉克利亚 and 
埃及, the 请检查模板名和国家代码：{{Countries|flag/core|Parthia (Formable)}} Parthia formation decision, and events during the Yuezhi migrations, the primary culture generally cannot be changed except for during a barbarian takeover.
Pops of the primary culture are typically the happiest and most satisfied pops in the realm, and are fixed to the 
civic right. Most often the culture of the state population is more diverse, but pop culture can be gradually changed to match that of the state during the playthrough via assimilation, as pops of a different culture and especially culture group have a significant happiness malus that can become very difficult to manage if stability begins to drop. Assimilation is also slowed if the dominant province culture and/or religion is not the same as that of the state, all of which makes the conquest of wrong culture (especially wrong culture group) and wrong religion areas significantly more difficult, especially in the early game. Outside of events pops will always assimilate and convert to the primary culture. As an alternative to assimilation, cultures can be 
integrated to be given the same rights as the primary culture, at the expense of the happiness of already integrated cultures.
The primary culture also has an effect on diplomacy. States of a different culture (in the same culture group) get a 
-10 opinion malus, while those in a different culture group get a -20 opinion malus. The subject types available also depend on primary culture; another state can only be made a feudatory if it is in the same culture group as its new overlord, and satrapies can only be made of states with Persian military traditions, which consist mostly of countries in the Iranian, Caucasian, Anatolian, Scythian, Bactrian, and Aramaic culture groups.
The state's 
Military Tradition tree, which determines the unit abilities and bonuses that can be accrued over the game by spending 
military experience, is fixed at the start of the game based on the primary culture/culture group (with a few exceptions) and cannot be changed except for through a few special events (such as the 本都的赫拉克利亚 startup event).
Each nation also has a set heritage, offering two bonuses and one malus. This cannot be changed, even when forming a new nation, and its modifiers stay with you for the whole game.
Religion
Every country starts with a predefined state religion, which can be viewed just above the pantheon deities in the File:Menu religion.png Religion tab. Every religion has bonuses that are applied to the entire country, and also determines the base deities that are always available regardless of the population or holy sites of the country. State religion also has a small effect on diplomacy—countries of the same religion get a +10 opinion bonus with each other. There is no malus for having a different state religion.
There is no default happiness bonus or penalty for pop religion, but pops will receive a 
+4% happiness bonus for each deity in the state pantheon that matches their religion, making it useful for polytheistic states to take on pantheon gods of religions that are widespread inside their country - though spreading out the deity happiness bonus between deities of different religions means a smaller happiness modifier for each individual religion. The happiness of state religion pops specifically is also be increased with the 
state religion happiness modifier, which is given by various omens and deities, inventions, laws, heritages, and more.
Additionally, the percentage of pops following the state religion determines the nation's 
Religious Unity value, which is the main component of 
omen power.
State Conversion
The state religion can be changed by decision if there is at least 1 character of the new religion in the country, and either 50% of the non-slave pops in the 
capital, or at least 20% of all the pops of the country and at least one 
pantheon deity, follow the new religion the country intends to convert to. Switching religions can only be done once every 10 years and costs 200 political influence and 30 stability, also giving a temporary drop of −15 Loyalty for all characters that are followers of the old faith.
Accumulated points
Wealth
- 主条目：Economy
The nation's Treasury stores all of its currently accumulated wealth. The nation's income is calculated monthly and comes from tax collection, domestic commerce, trade route income, and subject tributes. Many events can also give gold into the treasury, often scaled by the nation's current income.
Monthly expenses include army and fleet maintenance, tributes to an overlord, fort maintenance and character wages. Wealth is also spent on building costs, founding of cities/metropolises, invention acquisition, some character interactions, slave resettlement between territories, and many more. If a state runs into deficit, a random event may grant some gold in exchange for a temporary drawback.
Manpower
Manpower represents a pool of ready-to-fight people who are drawn from 
freeman and 
tribesman pops inhabiting a state. Manpower is used when recruiting new army cohorts and replenishing attrition or combat losses; if manpower becomes low, a nation can become very vulnerable to attack. Each point of manpower provides one soldier for a newly recruited or reinforcing cohort; if a country runs out of manpower, they will no longer be able to recruit any more cohorts or reinforce their armies until it replenishes.
Every country has a base manpower pool of 5000, which is then increased by the output of the freeman and tribesman pops in the country. The amount of manpower that pops produce is increased country-wide by the File:Global manpower modifier.png global manpower and locally by the File:Global manpower modifier.png local manpower modifiers, which is given by several trade goods bonuses (e.g., horses and iron) and Barracks/Training Camp buildings. Like all other pop outputs, freeman and tribesman happiness and output will also increase the manpower that they produce. Note that all these modifiers will only be applied to the part of a country's manpower which is produced from its pop, not the 5000 manpower base for each country, which is a significant difference for less populous countries.
If the current manpower pool is below the cap, it will recover by a base of 1/240 each month, so that refilling the pool takes 20 years. The part of the manpower recovery that comes from pops is modified by the 
manpower recovery speed modifier. Manpower recovery is also increased as the tribute of certain subject types, such as feudatories and tribal vassals.
Political Influence
Political Influence represents the state's political capital and is used to perform actions directly relating to the government, such as selecting national ideas or implementing laws.
It is an abstract currency generated by loyal members of your government over time, who are chosen as office holders. The total value accrued each month is determined by each character's Loyalty, therefore, it may fluctuate consistently over the year. Each government office provides up to +0.25 per month, if the holder's Loyalty is at 100.
Military Experience
Military Experience is a countrywide value that measures the degree of Military Experience the state has built up. This currency is used to acquire military traditions.
Military Experience increases by +0.30 per month, modified by current average cohort experience and war exhaustion, where reliance on mercenaries reduces the speed it accumulates by. The player can activate the "Drill ability" on an army, which will build up cohort experience in exchange for increased maintenance cost and 
loyalty gain chance.
Every 10 points of Military Experience stored applies a +1% 
morale bonus to the country's cohorts, with a maximum bonus of +20% when the stored Military Experience reaches its maximum cap at 200 points. The bonus is reduced once the Military Experience is used on military traditions, mission requirements or in events.
Research
Research Points represent the progression of techniques and discoveries during the time period. They are produced by 
citizens inhabiting a state, and it is recommended that at least 1/3 of a state's population is made up of citizens in order to achieve 100% research efficiency. The player can track research production on the 
technology panel.
They are automatically spent towards advancing the four fields of technology: martial, civil, oratory and religious. Each new advance in a field grants several bonuses and unlock three new random inventions which are acquired with gold.
Research points are increased by the Academy city building, and trade goods bonuses (cloth, earthenware, glass and papyrus). They are modified by characters employed as researchers, and citizen happiness and output.
Stability
Stability represents the trust that the characters and population of your country has in your government, and its general ability to withstand threats and discontent from within. Stability runs from 0 to 100, with a base value of 50 that the stability value will naturally decay to. Positive (above 50) has many economic benefits, increasing population growth, commerce income, research points, and legitimacy. Negative stability (below 50) will increase unrest, decrease primary culture happiness and legitimacy (in monarchies), and lower the thresholds for triggering civil wars and rebellions, making it more likely that a revolt will break out if stability is not quickly raised.
Stability is decreased by certain diplomatic or political actions, such as breaking truces, changing laws, or swapping pantheon deities. It is also spent by migratory tribes to start migrations. The primary method of increasing stability is to spending on the Sacrifice to the Gods action in the Religion view, which will increase the monthly stability change. Certain omens, traits and laws also increase monthly stability change. Many Queued Events also offer immediate stability boosts, usually at the cost of spending or forgoing a bonus in some other currency (especially wealth and political power).
Your nation is considered disorganized if stability is below 30, which will prevent you from assigning characters to offices or declaring wars.
Generally speaking higher stability is always better, though because decay increases as stability gets further away from 50, it is usually not worth it to intentionally try to keep stability very high. Low stability should always be a cause for concern unless your nation is very well managed, as prolonged instability will eventually lead to revolts and rebellions.
- Effects of stability
- positive stability >50. Values multiplied with stability-50
- research points +0.5%
- global commerce +0.5%
- monthly legitimacy +0.3%
- civil war threshold +0.3%
- rebellion threshold +0.1%
- global population growth +0.01%
- positive stability >50. Values multiplied with stability-50
- negative stability <50. Values multiplied with 50-stability
- global unrest +0.04 (-1% EXTRA revolt risk each step)
- monthly legitimacy -0.01%
- primary culture happiness -0.8%
- loyalty gain chance +0.3%
- populist faction influence = +0.06
- threshold for civil war -0.02%
- rebellion threshold -0.1%
- monthly stability decay -0.01% (reduced stability decay)
- negative stability <50. Values multiplied with 50-stability
Aggressive Expansion
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Aggressive Expansion (AE) represents the resentment that other states and pops in your empire have against conquests and other aggressive actions you take. The primary effect of Aggressive Expansion is to decrease the happiness of non-state culture population and lower the loyalty of all subject States, significantly increasing unrest at higher levels and raising the risk of a rebellion. Higher Aggressive Expansion also significantly decreases the opinion of nearby states (though allies have a much reduced opinion malus) and makes it more likely that the nation is viewed as a threat, making it more difficult to conduct diplomacy and encouraging other states to form alliances or defensive leagues against the expanding country. Very high Aggressive Expansion will have an impact on even primary culture pops and reduces political influence generation. Aggressive Expansion has a base value of 0, where it has no effects, and can become arbitrarily high, but cannot become negative.
Each point of Aggressive Expansion has the following modifiers:
-0.40% Wrong Culture Happiness
-0.80% Wrong Culture Group Happiness
-0.02 Claim Fabrication Speed
-0.5 Loyalty of Subject States
Each point of Aggressive Expansion beyond 50 also has the following effects, in addition to the ones above:
- -0.10% Monthly Political Influence
-0.50% Primary Culture Happiness
-2.00% Aggressive Expansion Impact
Aggressive Expansion is primarily accrued through conquering new territories or forcing vassalization during a war. Several diplomatic actions, character interactions, and unit abilities also increase Aggressive Expansion.
 gain
|
Type | |
|---|---|---|
| +25 |
| |
| +20 |
| |
| +10 |
| |
| +5 |
| |
| +2 |
| |
| +1 |
| |
| +0.5 |
|
The base 
Aggressive Expansion Decay is -0.20% of current Aggressive Expansion per month, which can be increased by another -0.20% with the 
Appeasing Diplomatic Stance and another -0.20% if your ruler has the 
Righteous trait; however, this decay is active only if your country is not currently on the side of the aggressor in a war. There are also several sources of flat monthly
Aggressive Expansion Change that is active at all times, including Oratory inventions, government offices, and various deities. All static sources of monthly Aggressive Expansion Change are listed below:
|
|
Type | |
|---|---|---|
| +0.020 |
| |
| -0.010 |
| |
| -0.015 |
| |
| -0.020 |
| |
| -0.025 |
| |
| -0.03125 |
| |
| -0.050 |
|
Aggressive Expansion Impact modifies how much aggressive expansion is accrued from conquering land and vassalizing other states after a war, primarily decreasing the AE cost of conquest. Sources of Aggressive Expansion Impact include Oratory inventions, Laws, ruler traits, heritages, mission/event modifiers, and high aggressive expansion; the last in particular means that at some point above 50 you will accrue very little additional Aggressive Expansion for any further conquests, effectively providing a soft cap to the modifier. The effects of Aggressive Expansion Impact are capped at -95.00%, corresponding to an absolute minimum of 0.05 aggressive expansion per territory annexed or vassalized. Static sources of Aggressive Expansion Impact are listed below:
|
|
Type | |
|---|---|---|
| +15.00% |
| |
| +10.00% |
| |
| -2.00% | per point of Aggressive Expansion above 50
| |
| -5.00% |
| |
| -6.25% |
| |
| -10.00% |
| |
| -20.00% |
| |
| -50.00% |
|
The impact of Aggressive Expansion is felt most in the early game, when diplomacy is most important and the lack of Aggression Expansion Impact means that taking even a few provinces can rack up a large amount of Aggressive Expansion. Governor armies may be necessary to suppress unrest in wrong culture group provinces in order to handle province loyalty and allow for conversion and assimilation to happen, while judicious use of Improving Relations can help prevent the diplomatic situation from getting out of hand. An expansionist empire should focus on sources of Aggressive Expansion Change and Impact, as well as Wrong Culture Group Happiness bonuses as this is where the bulk of the effects are felt. In the later game, when the player has built up a large empire that can easily stand against its neighbours, developed a large enough base of primary culture provinces that will be largely unaffected by Aggressive Expansion-driven unhappiness, accumulated many of the AE Change and Impact modifiers, and either accrued enough wrong culture group happiness modifiers or have sufficient garrison army capacity to handle different culture group provinces even at relatively high AE values, an empire can take advantage of the Aggressive Expansion Impact for having higher than 50 AE to be able to conquer large amounts of territory at little to no additional aggressive expansion penalty.
Tyranny
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Tyranny represents the level of oppression in your country and produces resentment against the government by characters and primary culture pops, but also increases the willingness of pops and factions to accede to your demands and the centralization of power. The level of Tyranny must be carefully managed, particularly in the early game, in order to avoid large reductions in character loyalty that can ensue in civil war as well as ensuring the productivity of your primary culture population, but in the later game when inventions and growth in power make characters and pops easier to deal with the increased Senate support for actions and war score cost bonus can become quite useful. The base Tyranny values range from the base value of 0, where it has no effects, to 100, and cannot be negative.
Each point of Tyranny gives the following modifiers:
- -0.50% Primary Culture Happiness
-0.50% War score Cost
+0.50% Pop Assimilation Speed
-0.25 Loyalty of Generals- -0.25 Loyalty of Admirals
- -0.25 Loyalty of Governors
+0.50% National Slave Output
-1.00% Imprison Cost- -1.00% Execute Cost
In Republics, each point of Tyranny also increases Senatorial Faction support for actions according to the following table:
| Action Type |  Civic /  Military /  Mercantile /  Religious Faction Support |
 Populist Faction Support
|
|---|---|---|
 Character Interactions |
+1.00% | +1.00% |
| Law Changes |
+0.50% | +1.00% |
 Diplomatic Actions |
+1.00% | +2.00% |
Tyranny is primarily increased by various character actions, such as imprisoning, executing, and imposing sanctions on various characters, as well as overriding the will of the Senate in Republics when doing character interactions, changing laws, or conducting diplomacy. There are also many events, particularly those relating to characters and their interactions, that can raise or lower the country's tyranny level. The actions and interactions that cost or change the national Tyranny value are listed below by their base cost, which can be changed by various interaction-specific modifiers:
| gain
|
Type | |
|---|---|---|
| +30 |
| |
| +10 |
| |
| +5 |
| |
| +4 |
| |
| +3 |
| |
| +2 |
| |
| +1 |
| |
| +0.5 |
| |
| +0.01 |
| |
| -1 |
| |
| -5 |
|
Tyranny is primarily lost through 
Monthly Tyranny change, which has a base reduction of -0.2 Tyranny per month. This can be increased and changed by many different modifiers, such as certain Oratory inventions, various deity and omen bonuses, ruler attributes and traits, and more, static sources of which are listed below:
|
|
Type | |
|---|---|---|
| +0.04 |
| |
| +0.025 |
| |
| +0.02 |
| |
| +0.01 |
| |
| -0.01 |
| |
| -0.015 |
| |
| -0.02 |
| |
| -0.025 | ||
| -0.03125 |
| |
| -0.04 |
| |
| -0.05 |
| |
| -0.10 |
|
In Republics, the Senatorial faction support from even relatively low amounts of Tyranny can be quite useful, making it worthwhile to have some level of Tyranny even in the early game when its effects are hardest to counteract. While monarchies have somewhat less use of Tyranny in the early game where expansion is more likely to be limited by Aggressive Expansion, Tyranny is generally not particularly problematic at lower levels and it is not very important to keep it low unless the nation is already experiencing issues with loyalty. It is worth noting that since Tyranny decay does not scale according to its current value and there are no easy ways to quickly lower it, high Tyranny can be problematic if the state is not prepared, especially if the ruler has low 
Charisma.
The main economic impact of Tyranny tends to be in research, since research is produced exclusively by citizens who will get the Primary Culture Happiness malus with higher tyranny without the compensating factor that the National Slave Output bonus gives for tax income. Therefore in games where research is a particular focus should be wary of high tyranny or otherwise ensure that there are enough other sources of primary culture citizen happiness to counteract the malus. However, generally the most important impact of Tyranny is in character Loyalty, and so prudent character management and/or aiming for character loyalty bonuses are important for dealing with high Tyranny.
In the later game, when the player has accumulated enough loyalty and happiness bonuses to handle the penalties, high Tyranny is much more useful and players can take full advantage of its bonuses, particularly the warscore cost reduction. In conjunction with reductions from other sources and growing Aggressive Expansion Impact bonuses, a player with high Tyranny can conquer a vast amount of territory in the lategame as opposed to what is feasible early on. The Pop Assimilation Speed and National Slave Output can also be very useful once the happiness and unrest problems can be properly dealt with, making for a powerful tyrannical empire.
War Exhaustion
War exhaustion represents anger and discontent in the general population from casualties, blockades, and enemy occupation during a war. The effects of war exhaustion can be quite severe, significantly decreasing happiness of all pops and impacting ruler popularity, but also increasing Military Experience gain. High War Exhaustion will increase the AI's willingness to sign a more favourable peace, and conversely may force a player to sign a less favourable peace treaty rather than let their nation be consumed by unrest. War Exhaustion ticks down slowly based on the ruler's current zeal, which can be increased through various omens, laws, and ideas. If War Exhaustion becomes too high, the 
Invoke Devotio action in the religion panel can be taken to increase War Exhaustion decay at the cost of Tyranny.
State rank
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A country's rank is a measure of how large and influential a particular state is, based on the number of territories that it owns. Country rank is one of the primary determinants of the number of major families/clan chiefs, 
diplomatic range, and 
integration speed as well as significantly impacting political influence generation, integrated culture happiness, and warscore cost but higher ranked nations are also more vulnerable to civil war as they have lower office loyalty as well as a 
province loyalty malus and a lower 
civil war threshold.
| Rank |  Number of Territories
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No. of families | 
|
|
|
|
|
Other modifiers |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Migrant Horde
|
0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 3 | 3 | - | - | - | - |
|
 City State
|
1 | - | +0.05 | +1 | - | - | - | - | 3 | 3 | - | - | - | - |
|
 Local Power
|
2-24 | - | +0.10 | +2 | - | +4% | +10% | - | 3 | 3 | - | - | - | - |
|
 Regional Power
|
25-99 | +1 | +0.15 | +3 | +25% | +8% | +50% | -5% | 4 | 4 | -3% | -0.01 | - | - |
|
 Major Power
|
100-499 | +2 | +0.20 | +4 | +50% | +12% | +125% | -10% | 4 | 5 | -5% | -0.02 | -2.5 | -10% |
|
 Great Power
|
500+ | +2 | +0.25 | +5 | +75% | +16% | +225% | -15% | 5 | 5 | -8% | -0.03 | -5 | -30% |
|
Country rank is also particularly important for diplomacy, as certain diplomatic actions are available only to countries of a certain rank.
| Rank |  Defensive League
|
 Alliance
|
 Guarantee
|
 Threaten War
|
 Support Rebels
|
 Enforce Peace
|
Intervene in War
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Migrant Horde
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| City State
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Local Power
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Regional Power
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Major Power
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Great Power
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Maximum civilization value
Every country has a base country civilization level, visible on the 
Overview panel, that determines the baseline maximum possible civilization level of every territory that the country owns. This value can be increased by a number of different modifiers, such as country's government type, positive 
centralization for tribes (up to +10% at 100), Oratory Advances (+2% per level), the national idea 
State Religion (+10%), the 
gemstones capital surplus (+5%) and export +2.5% bonuses, and various other modifiers. Note that the country civilization level is only the baseline maximum civilization; individual province and territory modifiers such as urban development, 
marble surpluses, and capital bonuses awarded when creating a formable nation can push the maximum civilization value of any individual territory even higher.